This is an updated version of an article written by techpowerup a few years ago looking at performance loss going from x16 3.0 down and their influence on framerates. Interesting as always for those who are keen to use items such as M.2 to PCIe adapters etc.
https://www.techpowerup.com/reviews/NVIDIA/GeForce_GTX_1080_PCI_Express_Scaling/
https://www.techpowerup.com/reviews/NVIDIA/GeForce_GTX_1080_PCI_Express_Scaling/